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The Relationships between Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women.
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Young Sik Kim, Soo Ho Lee, Seoung Oh Yang, Ji Yun Lee, Moon Chan Kim
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1999;21(2):119-130.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND
The evidence for a protective effect of calcium on bone mineral density is controversial. Despite this conflicting evidence an assessment of dietary calcium is often included in the clinical evaluation of osteoporosis risk. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between calcium intake and bone mineral density(BMD) in postmenopausal women.METHODS The subjects consisted of 143 postmenopausal women over 40 years old who visited the Department of Family Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery in Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea from June 1997 to September 1998. They were divided into three groups such as osteoporosis, osteopenia and control groups according to the level of BMD. The BMD of the lumbar was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary assessment was performed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.RESULTS Total calcium intakes were directly proportional to the BMD among three groups : they were 385.5+/-298.8mg/d, 438.3+/-216.5mg/d and 548.3+/-405.3mg/d in osteoporosis, osteopenia and control groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis, which was adjusted for age, place of residence in teenage, education, body mass index, exercise, muscular strength and energy intake, was performed between osteoporosis and control groups. As a result, the odds ratio of the highest 25% vs the bottom 25% of calcium distribution by milk consumption was 0.037(95% CI 0.002~0.891). In comparison of milk consumption at least once per day with that of less than 1 time per week, the odds ratio was 0.081(95% CI 0.008~0.793).CONCLUSIONS Levels of BMD in postmenopausal women are associated with amount and frequency of milk consumption.
Therefore, more than 100mg/d of calcium intake - that is, at least a half glass of milk a day - should be recommended in postmenopausal women in order to prevent osteoporosis.
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Validation of a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire.
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Young Sik Kim, Eun Soo Shin, Hye Soon Park, Moo Song Lee
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1995;17(2):249-256.
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Abstract
The relationships between diet and the occurence of the major diseases of our civilization are of both epidemiological and practical importance to public health problems. Diseases associated with dietary factors rank among the leading causes of illness and death in Korea. Not only for assessment for clinical evaluation, but also for epidemiological concern, we need for rapid and inexpensive methods to assess dietary intake in relating nutrition to health. The validity of a self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was evaluated for a group of 103 men and women aged 26 to 65. Intakes of 8 nutrients computed from the questionnaire were compared with those derived from 3-months diet record. The questionnaire estimates of mean nutrient intake were within about 10% of the mean diet record measurements for nutrients evaluated but iron and vitamin A. The correlation coefficients comparing unadjusted nutrient intakes measured by two methods ranged from 0.27(iron) to 0.57(fat). The correlation coefficients comparing nutrient intakes measured by two methods adjusted for age and sex ranged from 0.26(iron) to 0.50(calories). After adjusted for age and sex or caloric intake, the intakes in iron did not show correlation measured by two methods. A simple and relatively inexpensive questionnaire could be useful information on dietary intake for macronutrients. The modification and revision would be required for assessments of intakes in micronutrients.
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A study on hepatitis B virus markers and formation of anti-HBs after hepatitis B vaccination in healthy Korean population
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Young Sik Kim, Joung Soon Kim, Bong Yul Huh
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Korean J Epidemiol. 1985;7(1):8-15.
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Abstract
The positive rate of Hepatits B Virus markers and Anti-HBs formation after Hepatitis B-Vaccination were studied by RPHA or RIA technique in 1,015 (male 502, female 513) healthy Koreans, from May 1983 to April 1985 at the Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital. And the following results were obtained;
1) The HBsAg was detected in 92 among 1,015 with positive rate of 9.0%. The positive rate of HBsAg was higher in male (11.8%) than in female (6.4%)
2) The positive rate of Anti-HBs was 27.7% (289/1,015) and difference between sexes was insignificant.
3) The positive rate of one or more markers among HBsAg, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs was 57.6% (345/599).
4) The positive rate of HBeAg among HBsAg positives was 47.6% (20/42).
5) Elevated SGOT(>25 IU/L) or SGPT (>29 IU/l) was significantly higher in HBsAg positives (15.2%) than that of Anti-HBs positives (3.9%) and both negatives (2.6%).
6) The Anti-HBs became positive in 72.9% (70/96) of the vaccinated group and 7.7% (2/26) of the unvaccinated control group according to the 21-raonth follow-up test.
7) After 7.9 months follow up, the positive rate of HBsAg among initial HBsAg positives was 89.2% (33/37), and two cases of HBsAg positives developed acute viral hepatitis and improved, and the other two cases were revealed chronic hepatitis clinically.
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